| |
Agent Orange: Herbicide Tests and Storage in the U.S.
Agent Orange and other herbicides used in Vietnam were tested or stored elsewhere, including many military bases in the United States. Below is information from the Department of Defense (DoD) on projects to test, dispose of, or store herbicides in the U.S.
In the U.S.: Alaska | Arizona | California | Florida | Georgia | Hawaii | Indiana | Kansas | Kentucky | Maryland | Mississippi | Montana | New York | North Dakota | Pennsylvania | Rhode Island | Tennessee | Texas | Utah | Washington | Wisconsin
Herbicide Tests and Storage outside the U.S.
ALASKA
Location: Fort Chaffee, AK
Dates: 5/16/1967 - 5/18/1967, 7/22/1967 - 7/23/1967, 8/23/1967 - 8/24/1967
Project Description: During the period of 12/1966 - 10/1967, a comprehensive short-term evaluation was conducted by personnel from Fort Derrick's Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by USDA and U of HI.
Agents: Basic, in-house, improved desiccants and Orange, Blue
DoD Involvement: Yes
ARIZONA
Location: Pinal Mountains near Globe, AZ
Dates: 1965, 1966, 1968, and 1969
Project Description: In 1965, the USFS began a land improvement program in the Pinal Mountains. The program called for spraying an area of chaparral with herbicides to accomplish the objectives of multiple land use.
Agents: 2,4-D isooctyl-ester, 2,4,5-t isooctyl-ester, silvex, propyleneglycolbutylether ester, 2,4,5-T butyl ester, 2,4,5-T 2-e-h e
DoD Involvement: No
CALIFORNIA
Location: Brawley, CA
Dates: 1950-51
Project Description: The purpose was to determine means of accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by application of a chemical agent. Here, irrigation water studies were done with the agent. H.F. Arle worked here.
Agents: 2,4-D
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
FLORIDA
Location: Orlando, FL; Cocoa, FL
Dates: 1944
Project Description: Tests were conducted in 1944 by the Army in Orlando and Cocoa areas of Florida to determine the value of ammonium thiocyanate and chloride as marking and defoliation agents. They were conducted initially at ground level and later from aircraft.
Agents: Ammonium thiocyanate and zinc chloride
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Near Lake George, FL
Dates: Spring 1944
Project Description: The purpose was to determine means of accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by application of a chemical agent. Spraying here.
Agents: Zinc chloride
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Orlando, FL at Army Grove Air Force's Tactical Center
Dates: 3/14/1944, 4/12/1944
Project Description: The purpose was to determine means of accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by application of a chemical agent.
Agents: Ammonium thiocynate, zinc chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium arsenate, sodium fluoride
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Marathon, FL
Dates: 3/21/1944 - 3/23/1944
Project Description: The purpose was to determine means of accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by application of a chemical agent. Spraying was done here.
Agents: Zinc chloride, ammonium sulphamate, ammonium thiocynate
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Bushnell Army Air Field, FL
Dates: 2/1945
Project Description: Small plot experiments were commenced to test the effectiveness of LN agents. Various trials were done under contract with the USDA, aided by personnel at Camp Detrick. Here, it was aerial spray experiments on potted plants.
Agents: LN *phenoxy
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Bushnell Army Air Field, FL
Dates: 2/1945 - 4/1945
Project Description: Trials, performed by C.W.S. personnel from Camp Detrick, MD, tested the practicability of severely injuring or destroying crop plants sprayed from smoke tanks mounted on tactical aircraft.
Agents: 2,4-D and its ammonium salt
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Avon Air Force Base, FL
Dates: 2/1951 - 4/1951
Project Description: Trials were conducted at Avon Air Force Base, FL by Chemical Corps with personnel of the Air Force and Navy to determine the practical effectiveness of spraying pure anticrop agents from at low volume from aircraft.
Agents: Butyl 2,4 D
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Englin Air Force Base, FL
Dates: 11/1952 - 12/1952
Project Description: Two trials: Chemical Corps- concerned with basic fundamental work, using 2,4-D, Air Force-concerned with evaluating prototype large capacity spray system for aircraft installation using 2,4,5-T, primarily.
Agents: 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T: 143 and 974, respectively
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Avon Park Air Force Base, FL
Dates: Spring 1954
Project Description: Series of tests were conducted at Avon Park AFB during the spring of 1954 to study the behavior of chemical anticrop aerial sprays when released from high-speed jet aircraft.
Agents: Butyl 2,4-D, butyl 2,4,5-T, Isopropyl 2,4-D
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Jacksonville, FL
Dates: 7/18/1962 - 7/21/1962
Project Description: The HIDAL was used successfully on an H-34 helicopter to spray herbicidal materials. Therefore, it had not been calibrated previously. Spray tests were performed to do so. This was done under order by OSD/ARPA.
Agents: Purple, Fuel Oil, Mix
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Eglin AFB, FL, C-52A test area
Dates: 1962-70
Project Description: CPT John Hunter discussed vegetation changes and ecological studies of the 2 square mile test area which had been sprayed with herbicides over the period 1962-70.
Agents: Orange (1962-68), Purple (1962-68), White (1967-70), Blue (1968-70)
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Apalachicola National Forest near Sophoppy, FL
Dates: 5/3/1967 - 5/8/1967
Project Description: During the period of 12/1966 - 10/1967, a comprehensive short-term evaluation was conducted by personnel from Fort Detrick's Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by USDA and U of HI.
Agents: Basic desiccants and Orange/Blue
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: 2 areas in FL, 2 areas in GA, and 1 in TN
Dates: 1968
Project Description: In 1968, emphasis was given to soil applied herbicides for grass control. Applications were made by a jeep-mounted sprayer on small plots or by helicopter on larger plots.
Agents: Bromacil, Tandex, monuron, diuron, and fenuron
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
Location: Eglin AFB, FL
Dates: 6/11/1968 - 9/12/1968
Project Description: A spread factor study was performed by the Army to correlate the spherical drop sizes of both Orange and Stull Bifluid defoliants. It involved development of new techniques to determine spread factors over an extended range of drop sizes.
Agents: Orange, Bifluid #1, Bifluid#2, Stull Bifluid
DoD Involvement: Yes
GEORGIA
Location: Georgia and Tennessee
Dates: 1964
Project Description: In 1964, helicopter spray tests were conducted on transmission line rights-of-way by the Georgia Power Company and Tennessee Valley Authority in collaboration with Fort Detrick to evaluate effectiveness of several commercially available herbicides.
Agents: Diquat and Tordon 101, various
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Fort Gordon, GA
Dates: 7/15/1967 - 7/17/1967
Project Description: During the period of 12/1966 - 10/1967, a comprehensive short-term evaluation was conducted by personnel from Fort Detrick's Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by USDA and U of HI.
Agents: In-house desiccants mixtures and formulations, Orange and Blue
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: 2 areas in GA, 2 areas in FL, and 1 in TN
Dates: 1968
Project Description: In 1968, emphasis was given to soil applied herbicides for grass control. Applications were made by a jeep-mounted sprayer on small plots or by helicopter on larger plots.
Agents: Bromacil, Tandex, monuron, diuron, and fenuron
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
HAWAII
Location: Hilo, HI
Dates: 12/1966
Project Description: Field tests of defoliants were designed to evaluate such variables as rates, volume of application, season, and vegetation. Data from aerial application tests at several CONUS and OCONUS locations are provided in tables. There were Fort Detrick personnel.
Agents: Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: State Forest area, 3500 ft.elevation on slope of Mauna Loa, near Hilo, HI
Dates: 12/2/1966, 12/4/1966, 1/12/1967
Project Description: The purpose of this project was to evaluate iso-octyl ester of picloram (TORDON) in mixtures with ORANGE, as a candidate defoliant agent, using ORANGE as standard. There were personnel from Fort Detrick there.
Agents: Orange, M-3140, TORDON ester, 2,4-D ester, 2,4,5-T ester
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
Location: Kauai, HI
Dates: 1967
Project Description: Field tests of defoliants were designed to evaluate such variables as rates, volume of application, season, and vegetation. Data from aerial application tests at several CONUS and OCONUS locations are provided in tables.
Agents: Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Kauai Branch Station near Kapaa, Kawai, HI
Dates: 6/1967, 10/1967, 12/1967, 2/1968
Project Description: During the period of 12/1966 - 10/1967, a comprehensive short-term evaluation was conducted by personnel from Fort Detrick's Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by USDA and U of HI.
Agents: Blue,diquat,paraquat, Orange, PCP, Picloram, White, HCA, 2,4,5T, Endothall
DoD Involvement: Yes
INDIANA
Location: Vigo Plant CWS, Terre Haute, IN
Dates: 5/1945 - 9/1945
Project Description: Small plot experiments were commenced to test the effectiveness of LN agents. Various trials were done under contract with the USDA, aided by personnel at Camp Detrick. Here, it was aerial trials spraying field grown plants.
Agents: LN *phenoxy
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Jefferson Proving Grounds, Madison, IN
Dates: Summer 1945
Project Description: Small plot experiments were commenced to test the effectiveness of LN agents. Various trials were done under contract with the USDA, aided by personnel at Camp Detrick. Here, it was dropping trials.
Agents: LN *phenoxy
DoD Involvement: Yes
KANSAS
Location: Hays, KS; Langdon, ND
Dates: 1960
Project Description: Two studies on the stem rust of wheat were conducted during 1960 to obtain data on the establishment, development, and destructiveness of artificially induced stem rust epiphytotics.
Agents: Stem rust of wheat
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
KENTUCKY
Location: Fort Knox, KY
Dates: 1945
Project Description: In 1945, a special project known as Sphinx was conducted jointly by CWS and the ARML to investigate the use of chemical agents for increasing the flammability of vegetation prior to flame attack.
Agents: Various
DoD Involvement: Yes
MARYLAND
Location: Camp Detrick, MD - Fields A, B, and C
Dates: 1946-47
Project Description: The experiments were directed mainly towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or to the soil in the solid form to be taken up by the roots.
Agents: 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-T triethanolamine, tributylphosphate, ethyl 2,4-D, butyl 2,4,5-Ttriet 2,4-D
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Camp Detrick, MD - Fields C, D, and E
Dates: 1948
Project Description: The experiments were directed mainly towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or to the soil in the solid form to be taken up by the roots.
Agents: 2,4,5-T, isopropyl phenol carbamate, LN-2426, 2,4-D
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Camp Detrick, MD - Fields C, D, and E
Dates: 1949
Project Description: The experiments were directed mainly towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or to the soil in the solid form to be taken up by the roots. Experiments were done by Ennis, DeRose, Newman, Williamson, DeRigo, and Thomas.
Agents: Triethelyne. 2,4,5-T, carbamates
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Camp Detrick, MD - Fields A, B, D, and E
Dates: 1950
Project Description: The experiments were directed mainly towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or to the soil in the solid form to be taken up by the roots. Experiments were done by Ennis, DeRose, Acker, Newman, Williamson, and Zimmerly.
Agents: 2464, butyl 2,4-D, 974, butyl 2,4,5-T, q:q 143 and 974
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Camp Detrick, MD - Field F
Dates: 1950-51
Project Description: The experiments were directed mainly towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or to the soil in the solid form to be taken up by the roots. Experiments were done by Acker, DeRose, McLane, Newman, Williamson, Baker, Dean, Johnson, T.
Agents: 2464, carbamate, butyl 2,4-D, 143 and 974 (orange?),2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Area B, Camp Detrick, MD
Dates: Spring/Summer 1953
Project Description: Personnel at Camp Detrick tested the feasibility of using an experimental spray tower for applying a mixture of chemical anticrop agents to broad-leaf crops.
Agents: 3:1 mixture 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Fort Detrick, MD; Fort Ritchie, MD
Dates: 1956-57
Project Description: In 1956 And 1957, defoliation and desiccation were carried out at Fort Detrick and Fort Ritchie, Maryland by the Chemical Corps and Biological Warfare Research. These were bench tests.
Agents: Various, 577 compounds
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Fort Detrick, MD
Dates: 8/1961 - 6/1963
Project Description: From 8/1961 to 6/1963, compounds were spray-tested in the greenhouse to evaluate them as effective defoliants, desiccants, and herbicides.
Agents: 1410 compounds
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Fort Ritchie, MD
Dates: 1963
Project Description: Various studies were done to explore the effectiveness of different herbicides. They were all field trials. These studies were done by personnel from the US Army Biological Laboratories.
Agents: Tordon, 2,4-D, Orange, diquat, endothal, and combinations of each with Tordon
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Fort Meade, MD
Dates: 1963
Project Description: Various studies were done to explore the effectiveness of different herbicides. They were all field trials. These studies were done by personnel from the US Army Biological Laboratories.
Agents: Cacodylic acid, Dowco 173, butyediol
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: Poole's Island, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
Dates: 7/14/1969 -
Project Description: During the week of 7/14/1969, personnel from Naval Applied Science Laboratory in conjunction with personnel from Limited War Laboratory conducted a defoliation test along the shoreline.
Agents: Orange, Orange plus foam, Orange plus foam Orange, Foam
DoD Involvement: Yes
MISSISSIPPI
Location: Near Wayside, MS, Wilcox Road, Greenville, MS
Dates: 9/19/1967
Project Description: In 1967, the Dow Chemical Company was awarded a DoD research contract. The objective was to prepare as pellets mixtures of various herbicides and to test them on varying vegetation situations for the control of a range of plant species.
Agents: Picloram, bromacil, pyriclor, and terbacil, Orange, cacodylic acid
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
Location: Fulcher Ranch, Greenville, MS
Dates: 4/15/1968
Project Description: In 1967, the Dow Chemical Company was awarded a DoD research contract. The objective was to prepare as pellets mixtures of various herbicides and to test them on varying vegetation situations for the control of a range of plant species.
Agents: Picloram and bromicil
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
Location: Gulfport, MS
Dates: 1968-70
Project Description: While discussing the mandatory disposal of Orange, it was mentioned that 15,161 drums were being stored at Gulfport, Mississippi.
Agents: Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
MONTANA
Location: Galatin Valley near Bozeman, MT
Dates: 7/3/1953, 7/6/1953, 7/14/1953
Project Description: A preliminary series of field evaluations ofchemical agents for attacking wheat using a miniature spraying system mounted on light aircraft were performed by USDA.
Agents: 4- fluorophenoxy-acetic acid and 2 of its esters, 3:1 butyl 2,4-D and butyl 2,4,5-T
DoD Involvement: No
NEW YORK
Location: Fort Drum, NY
Dates: 1959
Project Description: The Commanding General, 1st US Army, requested that Fort Detrick assist with defoliation efforts at Fort Drum. Thirteen drums were sprayed there on 4 square miles from a helicopter spray device.
Agents: Orange
DoD Involvement: Yes
NORTH DAKOTA
Location: Langdon, ND; Hays, KS
Dates: 1960
Project Description: Two studies on the stem rust of wheat were conducted during 1960 to obtain data on the establishment, development, and destructiveness of artificially induced stem rust epiphytotics.
Agents: Stem rust of wheat
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
PENNSYLVANIA
Location: Stone Valley Experimental Forest in Huntington County and near State College in Centre County, PA
Dates: 3/1969 - 10/1970
Project Description: Soil-applied herbicides were studied by the U of Pa with Ft Detrick for 18 months for their effectiveness, rapidity of action, and duration of response in native stands of central PA grasses, broadleaf weeds and woody plants.
Agents: Bromacil, diuron, tandex, fenuron, picloram
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
RHODE ISLAND
Location: Kingston, RI
Dates: 7/26/1949, 1950-51
Project Description: The experiments were directed mainly towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or to the soil in the solid form to be taken up by the roots.
Agents: Trieth.2,4,5-T, butyl 2,4,5-T,974
DoD Involvement: Yes
TENNESSEE
Location: Tennessee and Georgia
Dates: 1964
Project Description: In 1964, helicopter spray tests were conducted on transmission line rights-of-way by the Georgia Power Company and Tennessee Valley Authority in collaboration with Fort Detrick to evaluate effectiveness of several commercially available herbicides.
Agents: Diquat and Tordon 101, various
DoD Involvement: Yes
Location: 1 in TN, 2 areas in FL, 2 areas in GA
Dates: 1968
Project Description: In 1968, emphasis was given to soil applied herbicides for grass control. Applications were made by a jeep-mounted sprayer on small plots or by helicopter on larger plots.
Agents: Bromacil, Tandex, monuron, diuron, and fenuron
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
TEXAS
Location: Beaumont, TX
Dates: 6/1944
Project Description: Small plot experiments were commenced to test the effectiveness of LN agents. Various trials were done under contract with the USDA, aided by personnel at Camp Detrick. Here, they were testing on rice crops.
Agents: LN *phenoxy
DoD Involvement: No
Location: Beaumont, TX
Dates: 1950-51
Project Description: The purpose was to determine means of accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by application of a chemical agent. Here, irrigation water studies were done with the agent. Coghill, Hasse, and Yeatner worked here.
Agents: 2,4-D
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
Location: Weslaco, TX
Dates: 5/1967 - 1/1969
Project Description: 71 new arsenic compounds were tested in primary screening against 6 plant species in greenhouse tests. Then, 5 of the most active compounds were tested in field trials against Red Maple and compared to other compounds.
Agents: Arsenic compounds, Orange, cacodylic acid, sodium cacodylate
DoD Involvement: Yes
UTAH
Location: Granite Peak, UT
Dates: Summer 1945
Project Description: Small plot experiments were commenced to test the effectiveness of LN agents. Various trials were done under contract with the USDA, aided by personnel at Camp Detrick. Here, it was dropping trials.
Agents: LN *phenoxy
DoD Involvement: Yes
WASHINGTON
Location: Prosser, WA
Dates: 1950-51
Project Description: The purpose was to determine means of accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by application of a chemical agent. Here, irrigation water studies were done with the agent. V.F. Burns worked here.
Agents: 2,4-D
DoD Involvement: Undetermined
WISCONSIN
Location: Marinette, WI
Dates: 5/1967 - 1/1969
Project Description: 71 new arsenic compounds were tested in primary screening against 6 plant species in greenhouse tests. Then, 5 of the most active compounds were tested in field trials against Red Maple and compared to other compounds.
Agents: Arsenic compounds, Orange, cacodylic acid, sodium cacodylate
DoD Involvement: Yes
"Don't worry, it only hurts plants."
|
|
